Q (haiku): Which KRAS mutations are most common in colorectal cancer?

▶ read_guide
{
 "uri": "cbioportal://mutation-frequency-guide"
}

▶ search_oncotree
{
 "search_term": "colorectal"
}

◀ result
# Mutation Frequency Analysis Guide

## IMPORTANT: Reporting Mutation Frequencies
- **ALWAYS report frequencies as percentages**, not raw counts: `frequency = (altered_samples / total_profiled_samples) × 100`
- For quick frequency lookups, **prefer the TCGA Pan-Cancer Atlas study first**, then offer to expand to other studies
- When reporting across multiple studies, show **ranges** (e.g., "TP53 is mutated in 30–60% of samples") rather than a single average
- **NEVER** sum mutation events across studies to compute an aggregate frequency — this can exceed 100% due to double-counting
- Warn users that samples may overlap across cohorts (e.g., MSK studies may share patients)
- **Choose and state the counting unit**: use patient-level frequencies for prevalence/rate questions unless the user explicitly asks for samples; use sample-level frequencies when the user asks about samples.
- **For "across cancer types" questions**, jump to the [Cross-Cancer-Type Mutation Frequency](#cross-cancer-type-mutation-frequency) section below — there is one correct recipe and several common wrong ones.

## Counting Unit: Samples vs Patients

Before answering any mutation count or frequency question, decide whether the unit is samples or patients and state that choice in the answer.

| User wording | Counting unit |
|--------------|---------------|
| "prevalence", "rate", "fraction of patients", "patients with", "how common is" | Patient-level: `COUNT(DISTINCT patient_unique_id)` |
| "samples", "specimens", "biopsies", sample-level cohort composition | Sample-level: `COUNT(DISTINCT sample_unique_id)` |
| Ambiguous | Ask, or default to patient-level for prevalence/rate language and say so |

### Cross-study sample-count caveat

When an answer touches more than one study and reports a sample count, prepend a one-line caveat:

> Sample IDs are unique within cBioPortal study prefixes, not guaranteed biological-sample identifiers across studies; overlapping cohorts can count the same patient/sample more than once.

Prefer one of these safer approaches:

- Use a shipped `cancer_study_query_preferences` cohort such as `pan_cancer_tcga` or `all_studies_non_redundant`.
- Restrict to one named study.
- Aggregate by `patient_unique_id` when the biological question is patient prevalence.

## STOP rule: a frequency above 100% means your query is wrong

If your query returns a frequency over 100%, **do not try to debug or explain the data inconsistency to the user**. The cause is always one of these query bugs:

- Summing mutation events instead of `COUNT(DISTINCT sample_unique_id)` for the numerator
- Using a study-wide sample count as the denominator instead of the gene-specific profiled count
- Cross-study aggregation where the same biological sample appears under multiple `sample_unique_id` values (e.g., MSK-IMPACT and MSK-CHORD share patients)
- **Joining the profiled CTE through `gene_panel` / `gene_panel_list` without a WES branch.** `gene_panel_id = 'WES'` is *not* a row in … (35166 more chars)

◀ result
{"result":[{"code":"COADREAD","name":"Colorectal Adenocarcinoma","score":60,"mainType":"Colorectal Cancer","tissue":"Bowel","hierarchy":"BOWEL > COADREAD"},{"code":"CAIS","name":"Colon Adenocarcinoma In Situ","score":45,"mainType":"Colorectal Cancer","tissue":"Bowel","hierarchy":"BOWEL > COADREAD > CAIS"},{"code":"CMC","name":"Medullary Carcinoma of the Colon","score":45,"mainType":"Colorectal Cancer","tissue":"Bowel","hierarchy":"BOWEL > CMC"},{"code":"COAD","name":"Colon Adenocarcinoma","score":45,"mainType":"Colorectal Cancer","tissue":"Bowel","hierarchy":"BOWEL > COADREAD > COAD"},{"code":"MACR","name":"Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Colon and Rectum","score":45,"mainType":"Colorectal Cancer","tissue":"Bowel","hierarchy":"BOWEL > COADREAD > MACR"},{"code":"READ","name":"Rectal Adenocarcinoma","score":45,"mainType":"Colorectal Cancer","tissue":"Bowel","hierarchy":"BOWEL > COADREAD > READ"},{"code":"SRCCR","name":"Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Colon and Rectum","score":45,"mainType":"Colorectal Cancer","tissue":"Bowel","hierarchy":"BOWEL > COADREAD > SRCCR"}]}

▶ clickhouse_list_tables
{}

◀ result
{"tables":[{"name":"allele_specific_copy_number"},{"name":"alteration_driver_annotation"},{"name":"cancer_study"},{"name":"cancer_study_query_preferences"},{"name":"cancer_study_tags"},{"name":"cbioportal_sequence_state"},{"name":"clinical_attribute_counts"},{"name":"clinical_attribute_meta"},{"name":"clinical_data_derived"},{"name":"clinical_event"},{"name":"clinical_event_data"},{"name":"clinical_event_data_derived"},{"name":"clinical_event_derived"},{"name":"clinical_patient"},{"name":"clinical_sample"},{"name":"cna_event"},{"name":"cna_panel_gene_coverage"},{"name":"cna_wes_coverage"},{"name":"co_altered_genes_in_study"},{"name":"copy_number_seg"},{"name":"copy_number_seg_file"},{"name":"gene"},{"name":"gene_alias"},{"name":"gene_alteration_frequency_by_cancer_type"},{"name":"gene_cna_distribution_in_study"},{"name":"gene_mutation_frequency_by_cancer_type"},{"name":"gene_mutation_frequency_in_studies"},{"name":"gene_mutation_frequency_in_study"},{"name":"gene_mutation_variants_in_study"},{"name":"gene_pair_coexpression"},{"name":"gene_panel"},{"name":"gene_panel_list"},{"name":"gene_panel_to_gene_derived"},{"name":"generic_assay_data_derived"},{"name":"generic_assay_meta_derived"},{"name":"generic_assay_profile_entity_derived"},{"name":"generic_entity_properties"},{"name":"geneset"},{"name":"geneset_gene"},{"name":"geneset_hierarchy_leaf"},{"name":"geneset_hierarchy_node"},{"name":"genetic_alteration"},{"name":"genetic_alteration_derived"},{"name":"genetic_entity"},{"name":"genetic_profile"},{"name":"genetic_profile_link"},{"name":"genetic_profile_samples"},{"name":"genomic_event_derived"},{"name":"gistic"},{"name":"gistic_to_gene"},{"name":"info"},{"name":"mut_sig"},{"name":"mutation"},{"name":"mutation_count_by_keyword"},{"name":"mutation_derived"},{"name":"mutation_event"},{"name":"mutation_panel_gene_coverage"},{"name":"mutation_wes_coverage"},{"name":"patient"},{"name":"reference_genome"},{"name":"reference_genome_gene"},{"name":"resource_definition"},{"name":"resource_patient"},{"name":"resource_sample"},{"name":"resource_study"},{"name":"sample"},{"name":"sample_cna_event"},{"name":"sample_derived"},{"name":"sample_list"},{"name":"sample_list_list"},{"name":"sample_profile"},{"name":"sample_to_gene_panel_derived"},{"name":"structural_variant"},{"name":"sv_panel_gene_coverage"},{"name":"sv_wes_coverage"},{"name":"top_cna_genes_in_study"},{"name":"top_mutated_genes_in_cohort"},{"name":"top_mutated_genes_in_study"},{"name":"top_sv_genes_in_study"},{"name":"treatment_counts_in_study"},{"name":"treatment_regimens_in_study"},{"name":"type_of_cancer"}]}

▶ clickhouse_run_select_query
{
 "query": "
SELECT cancer_study_identifier, name
FROM cancer_study
WHERE type_of_cancer_id = 'COADREAD'
ORDER BY cancer_study_identifier
",
 "max_rows": 50
}

◀ result
{"rows":[]}

▶ clickhouse_run_select_query
{
 "query": "
SELECT type_of_cancer_id, COUNT(*) as study_count
FROM cancer_study
WHERE type_of_cancer_id LIKE '%COA%' OR type_of_cancer_id LIKE '%READ%' OR type_of_cancer_id LIKE '%COLORECTAL%'
GROUP BY type_of_cancer_id
",
 "max_rows": 50
}

◀ result
{"rows":[]}

▶ clickhouse_run_select_query
{
 "query": "
SELECT DISTINCT type_of_cancer_id
FROM cancer_study
ORDER BY type_of_cancer_id
LIMIT 100
",
 "max_rows": 100
}

◀ result
{"rows":[{"type_of_cancer_id":"acbc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"acc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"acyc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"adifg"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"alal"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"aml"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"ampca"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"angs"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"apad"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"bcc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"bfn"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"biliary_tract"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"bladder"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"blca"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"bll"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"bowel"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"brain"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"brca"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"breast"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"ccrcc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"cervix"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"cesc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"chl"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"chol"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"chrcc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"cllsll"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"coad"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"cscc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"desm"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"difg"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"dlbclnos"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"egc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"es"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"esca"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"escc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"gbc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"gist"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"hcc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"hccihch"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"hdcn"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"head_neck"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"hgsoc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"hnsc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"ihch"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"lgsoc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"liad"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"lipo"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"luad"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"lung"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"lusc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"lymph"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mbc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mbl"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mbn"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mcl"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mds"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mel"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mixed"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mnet"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mng"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mnm"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mpn"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mpnst"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mrt"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"mtnn"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"myeloid"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"nbl"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"nccrcc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"nfib"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"nhl"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"npc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"nsclc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"nsgct"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"nst"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"ohnca"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"os"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"ovary"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"paac"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"paad"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"pact"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"pancreas"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"panet"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"past"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"pcm"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"pcnsl"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"plmeso"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"prad"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"prcc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"prostate"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"ptad"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"rbl"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"rcc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"read"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"rms"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"scco"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"schw"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"sclc"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"skcm"},{"type_of_cancer_id":"skin"}]}

▶ clickhouse_run_select_query
{
 "query": "
SELECT cancer_study_identifier, name, type_of_cancer_id
FROM cancer_study
WHERE type_of_cancer_id IN ('coad', 'coadread', 'bowel')
ORDER BY cancer_study_identifier
",
 "max_rows": 50
}

◀ result
{"rows":[{"cancer_study_identifier":"bowel_colitis_msk_2022","name":"Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (MSK, Nat Commun 2022)","type_of_cancer_id":"bowel"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"coad_caseccc_2015","name":"Colon Adenocarcinoma (CaseCCC, PNAS 2015)","type_of_cancer_id":"coad"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"coad_cptac_2019","name":"Colon Cancer (CPTAC-2 Prospective, Cell 2019)","type_of_cancer_id":"coad"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"coad_cptac_gdc","name":"Colon Adenocarcinoma (CPTAC GDC, 2025)","type_of_cancer_id":"coad"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"coad_silu_2022","name":"Colon Cancer (Sidra-LUMC AC-ICAM, Nat Med 2023)","type_of_cancer_id":"coad"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"coad_tcga_gdc","name":"Colon Adenocarcinoma (TCGA GDC, 2025)","type_of_cancer_id":"coad"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"coadread_cass_2020","name":"Colorectal Cancer (CAS Shanghai, Cancer Cell 2020)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"coadread_dfci_2016","name":"Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (DFCI, Cell Reports 2016)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"coadread_genentech","name":"Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (Genentech, Nature 2012)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"coadread_mskcc","name":"Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Triplets (MSK, Genome Biol 2014)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"coadread_mskresistance_2022","name":"Colorectal Cancer (MSK, Cancer Discovery 2022)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"coadread_tcga","name":"Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (TCGA, Firehose Legacy)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018","name":"Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (TCGA, PanCancer Atlas)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"coadread_tcga_pub","name":"Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (TCGA, Nature 2012)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"crc_apc_impact_2020","name":"Colorectal Cancer (MSK, Gastroenterology 2020)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"crc_dd_2022","name":"Colorectal Cancer (MSK, JCO Precis Oncol 2022)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"crc_eo_2020","name":"Colorectal Cancer (MSK, JNCI 2021)","type_of_cancer_id":"bowel"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"crc_hta11_htan_2021","name":"Pre-cancer Colorectal Polyps (HTAN Vanderbilt, Cell 2021)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"crc_hta8_htan_2024","name":"Colorectal Cancer (HTAN MSK, Nature 2025)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"crc_msk_2017","name":"Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (MSK, Cancer Cell 2018)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"crc_nigerian_2020","name":"Disparities in metastatic colorectal cancer between Africans and Americans (MSK, 2020)","type_of_cancer_id":"coadread"},{"cancer_study_identifier":"crc_orion_2024","name":"Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (DFCI/Orion, BioRxiv 2024)","type_of_cancer_id":"bow … (407 more chars)

▶ clickhouse_run_select_query
{
 "query": "
SELECT * FROM gene_mutation_variants_in_study(study = 'coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018', gene = 'KRAS')
ORDER BY altered_samples DESC
",
 "max_rows": 50
}

◀ result
{"rows":[{"mutation_variant":"G12D","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":58,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":10.9,"total_mutation_events":58},{"mutation_variant":"G12V","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":49,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":9.2,"total_mutation_events":49},{"mutation_variant":"G13D","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":37,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":6.9,"total_mutation_events":37},{"mutation_variant":"A146T","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":16,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":3,"total_mutation_events":16},{"mutation_variant":"G12C","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":15,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":2.8,"total_mutation_events":15},{"mutation_variant":"G12A","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":10,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":1.9,"total_mutation_events":10},{"mutation_variant":"G12S","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":8,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":1.5,"total_mutation_events":8},{"mutation_variant":"Q61H","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":4,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":0.7,"total_mutation_events":4},{"mutation_variant":"K117N","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":4,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":0.7,"total_mutation_events":4},{"mutation_variant":"Q61K","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":3,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":0.6,"total_mutation_events":3},{"mutation_variant":"G12R","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":2,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":0.4,"total_mutation_events":2},{"mutation_variant":"G13C","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":2,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":0.4,"total_mutation_events":2},{"mutation_variant":"Q61R","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":2,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":0.4,"total_mutation_events":2},{"mutation_variant":"A59T","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":1,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":0.2,"total_mutation_events":1},{"mutation_variant":"R68S","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":1,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":0.2,"total_mutation_events":1},{"mutation_variant":"L19F","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":1,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":0.2,"total_mutation_events":1},{"mutation_variant":"Y71C","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":1,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":0.2,"total_mutation_events":1},{"mutation_variant":"A11_G12dup","mutation_type":"In_Frame_Ins","altered_samples":1,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":0.2,"total_mutation_events":1},{"mutation_variant":"P34L","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":1,"profiled_samples":534,"frequency_pct":0.2,"total_mutation_events":1},{"mutation_variant":"A146V","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","alter … (1004 more chars)

▶ clickhouse_run_select_query
{
 "query": "
SELECT * FROM gene_mutation_variants_in_study(study = 'coadread_tcga', gene = 'KRAS')
ORDER BY altered_samples DESC
LIMIT 15
",
 "max_rows": 50
}

◀ result
{"rows":[{"mutation_variant":"G12D","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":31,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":13.9,"total_mutation_events":31},{"mutation_variant":"G12V","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":23,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":10.3,"total_mutation_events":23},{"mutation_variant":"G13D","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":10,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":4.5,"total_mutation_events":10},{"mutation_variant":"A146T","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":8,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":3.6,"total_mutation_events":8},{"mutation_variant":"G12C","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":6,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":2.7,"total_mutation_events":6},{"mutation_variant":"G12S","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":3,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":1.3,"total_mutation_events":3},{"mutation_variant":"G12A","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":3,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":1.3,"total_mutation_events":3},{"mutation_variant":"Q61L","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":2,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":0.9,"total_mutation_events":2},{"mutation_variant":"Q61K","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":2,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":0.9,"total_mutation_events":2},{"mutation_variant":"K117N","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":2,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":0.9,"total_mutation_events":2},{"mutation_variant":"E98*","mutation_type":"Nonsense_Mutation","altered_samples":1,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":0.4,"total_mutation_events":1},{"mutation_variant":"G12R","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":1,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":0.4,"total_mutation_events":1},{"mutation_variant":"Q22K","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":1,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":0.4,"total_mutation_events":1},{"mutation_variant":"G12F","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":1,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":0.4,"total_mutation_events":1},{"mutation_variant":"A146V","mutation_type":"Missense_Mutation","altered_samples":1,"profiled_samples":223,"frequency_pct":0.4,"total_mutation_events":1}]}

▶ resolve_and_route
{
 "studyIds": [
  "coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018",
  "coadread_tcga"
 ]
}

◀ result
{"success":true,"message":"Found 2 matching studies. Pick the best match (prefer TCGA → prefer PanCancer Atlas), use its metadata to call the appropriate navigation tool(s) and generate URLs immediately. Present other studies as alternatives.","data":{"totalCount":2,"studiesWithMetadata":[{"studyId":"coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018","name":"Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (TCGA, PanCancer Atlas)","sampleCount":594,"studyViewUrl":"https://www.cbioportal.org/study?id=coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018","metadata":{"clinicalAttributeIds":["AGE","AJCC_PATHOLOGIC_TUMOR_STAGE","AJCC_STAGING_EDITION","ANEUPLOIDY_SCORE","BUFFA_HYPOXIA_SCORE","CANCER_TYPE","CANCER_TYPE_ACRONYM","CANCER_TYPE_DETAILED","DAYS_LAST_FOLLOWUP","DAYS_TO_BIRTH","DAYS_TO_INITIAL_PATHOLOGIC_DIAGNOSIS","DFS_MONTHS","DFS_STATUS","DSS_MONTHS","DSS_STATUS","ETHNICITY","FORM_COMPLETION_DATE","FRACTION_GENOME_ALTERED","GENETIC_ANCESTRY_LABEL","GRADE","HISTORY_NEOADJUVANT_TRTYN","ICD_10","ICD_O_3_HISTOLOGY","ICD_O_3_SITE","INFORMED_CONSENT_VERIFIED","IN_PANCANPATHWAYS_FREEZE","MSI_SCORE_MANTIS","MSI_SENSOR_SCORE","MUTATION_COUNT","NEW_TUMOR_EVENT_AFTER_INITIAL_TREATMENT","ONCOTREE_CODE","OS_MONTHS","OS_STATUS","OTHER_PATIENT_ID","PATH_M_STAGE","PATH_N_STAGE","PATH_T_STAGE","PERSON_NEOPLASM_CANCER_STATUS","PFS_MONTHS","PFS_STATUS","PRIMARY_LYMPH_NODE_PRESENTATION_ASSESSMENT","PRIOR_DX","RACE","RADIATION_THERAPY","RAGNUM_HYPOXIA_SCORE","SAMPLE_COUNT","SAMPLE_TYPE","SEX","SOMATIC_STATUS","SUBTYPE","TBL_SCORE","TISSUE_PROSPECTIVE_COLLECTION_INDICATOR","TISSUE_RETROSPECTIVE_COLLECTION_INDICATOR","TISSUE_SOURCE_SITE","TISSUE_SOURCE_SITE_CODE","TMB_NONSYNONYMOUS","TUMOR_TISSUE_SITE","TUMOR_TYPE","WEIGHT","WINTER_HYPOXIA_SCORE"],"molecularProfileIds":["coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_gistic","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_log2CNA","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_mutations","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_protein_quantification","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_protein_quantification_zscores","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_rna_seq_v2_mrna","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_rna_seq_v2_mrna_median_Zscores","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_rna_seq_v2_mrna_median_all_sample_Zscores","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_rna_seq_v2_mrna_median_all_sample_ref_normal_Zscores","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_rppa","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_rppa_Zscores","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_structural_variants"],"genericAssayProfiles":["coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_armlevel_cna","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_genetic_ancestry","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_methylation_hm27_hm450_merge","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_methylation_hm450"],"heatmapProfileIds":["coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_protein_quantification_zscores","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_rna_seq_v2_mrna_median_Zscores","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_rna_seq_v2_mrna_median_all_sample_Zscores","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_rna_seq_v2_mrna_median_all_sample_ref_normal_Zscores","coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_rp … (3336 more chars)

▶ navigate_to_results_view
{
 "studyIds": [
  "coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018"
 ],
 "genes": [
  "KRAS"
 ],
 "tab": "mutations"
}

◀ result
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═ answer (success)
## Most Common KRAS Mutations in Colorectal Cancer

Based on **534 samples profiled for KRAS mutations** in the **TCGA Colorectal Adenocarcinoma PanCancer Atlas**, the most frequent KRAS mutations are:

| Variant | Frequency | # Samples |
|---------|-----------|-----------|
| **G12D** | 10.9% | 58 |
| **G12V** | 9.2% | 49 |
| **G13D** | 6.9% | 37 |
| **A146T** | 3.0% | 16 |
| **G12C** | 2.8% | 15 |
| **G12A** | 1.9% | 10 |
| **G12S** | 1.5% | 8 |

**Key insights:**
- **G12D and G12V account for ~20% of all KRAS mutations** (107/534 = 20.1%), making these the two dominant hotspots
- Codon 12 mutations (G12D, G12V, G12C, G12A, G12S, G12R) are found in ~27% of samples, consistent with colorectal cancer's known KRAS mutational pattern
- **G13D** is the second-most common codon 13 variant (6.9%)
- **A146T** is a recurrent transversion mutation in colorectal cancer, appearing at 3.0%
- Rare variants (Q61H/K, K117N) account for <1% each

These results are consistent with clinical literature showing G12D and G12V as the predominant KRAS mutations in CRC, particularly from APC-initiating tumors.

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[View detailed KRAS mutation analysis in cBioPortal](https://www.cbioportal.org/results/mutations?cancer_study_list=coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018&gene_list=KRAS&case_set_id=coadread_tcga_pan_can_atlas_2018_all) — Mutations tab with lollipop plot and frequency data for **Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (TCGA, PanCancer Atlas)**.